Starbuck Coffee Corporation Stands Alone - 1233 Words

There are many companies in the coffee industry, but there is nothing like Starbucks. Starbucks Corporation is an international company of coffee founded in Seattle, Washington in 1971 by Jerry Baldwin, Zev Siegl, and Gordon Bowker. Starbucks has taken a coffee bean and turned it into beverages that people around the world crave. They are the leading competitor in the coffee industry, and our well known for their quality and customer service. Starbucks has changed the world with their products, their pricing, their customer service, and their expansion around the world. Starbucks started in 1971 when the first store was open in Seattle’s Pike Place Market. The three friends, Jerry Baldwin, Zev Siegl and Gordon Bowker got the idea from Alfred Peet, the man who started Peet’s Coffee. They were inspired by his success and wanted to start their own. The store originally just sold coffee beans and coffee equipment. In 1982 a man named Howard Schultz was hired as the director of retail operations and marketing. Schultz then traveled to Italy and saw the popularity of espresso bars in Milan and decides that the store should be selling drinks and not just beans and equipment. He then convinces the founder to test the coffee house concept and in 1984 the first Starbucks Latte was served. Howard then decides to start his own company called II Giornale selling brewed coffee and espressos made from Starbucks coffee beans in 1986. Then in 1987 the owners sell Starbucks to Howard andShow MoreRelatedA Symbol Analysis of Starbucks1728 Words   |  7 Pagescorporate world than one that evokes cravings. The logo for the coffee corporation, Starbucks, is ideal to this standard, no longer standing as a symbol but an icon. Over the companies 41 years history it has changed significantly. The once small-business coffee brewery has expanded itself internationally, deeming itself to the world as the definition of what coffee is. Looking over its history one can see the strategic steps the corporation has taken to develop its logo into a distinct identifier suitedRead MoreGeneral Information / History : Starbucks1062 Words   |  5 PagesInformation/History Starbucks Corporation is a specialty coffee retailer, roaster and marketer internationally. Jerry Baldwin, Zev Siegl and Gordon Bowker established the first stand-alone Starbucks coffeehouse was opened in Seattle, Washington in 1971. In 1987, the original founders sold the company to the present CEO Howard Schultz for $7 million (â€Å"Starbucks Corporation†). Currently having 22,519 retail stores worldwide, Starbucks has developed into the largest coffeehouse company globally (â€Å"Starbucks CompanyRead MoreStarbucks Corporation Public Company Profile1113 Words   |  5 PagesStarbucks Corporation is a specialty coffee retailer, roster and marketer internationally. The first stand alone Starbucks coffeehouse was opened in Seattle, Washington by Jerry Baldwin, Zev Siegl and Gordon Bowker in 1971. In 1985 Starbucks Corporation was founded and, in 1987, the original founders would sell the company to current CEO Howard Schultz for $7 million (â€Å"Starbucks Corporation†). Having 22,519 retail stores in 67 countries worldwide, Starbucks has grown into the largest coffeehouseRead MoreStrategic Alignment Is A Method For Understanding The Nature Of A Business1646 Words   |  7 Pagesfor the Starbucks Corporation to utilize ‘strategic alignment’, as this approach provides insight to where the company stands from its competitors as well as offers an analysis to the internal and external environment. In addition, the method evaluates aspects such as employee relationships and open communication, competitive analysis and intensive growth strategies and product development that aid in determining the company’s strategies to remain a successful enterprise. With the corporation beingRead MoreStarbucks Corporation : Organizational Context Essay1390 Words   |  6 PagesA. Organizational Context 1. Starbucks Corporation conducts business mainly as Starbucks Coffee Company, and is one of the leading companies in the coffee and snack industry. Since being founded in 1971 in Seattle, Washington, Starbucks has experienced substantial achievements operating as a roaster, marketer and retailer of specialty coffees, while becoming one of the most renowned global retail brand names. By far the largest coffee shop company in the world, operating over 21,000 retail storesRead MoreCase Study : Starbucks Coffee Company1646 Words   |  7 Pages Starbucks Coffee Company The world without coffee is such a tasteless world. Nowadays, coffee is more than popular since it is ubiquitous. Coffee is consumed all over the world, and it is also one of the most crucial produce in world trade. Coffee not only helps people relieve stress, but also makes them feel happier. Many customers, including officers, workers, and students get attracted to coffee due to its unique taste. As a result, more coffee shops are opened every day in this country. ThereRead MoreStarbucks : A Popular Coffee Essay2342 Words   |  10 PagesStarbucks is a popular coffee house chain with numerous establishments across the globe. The company is renowned for the production of excellent coffee like espresso. Starbucks’ strong brand coupled with experience in the coffee business has helped it to exploit the global market. Starbucks faces stiff competition from McDonald’s and Dunkin’ Donuts. Besides, overreliance on the American market puts the company’s busine ss at risk. The company is yet to exploit the European and African markets fullyRead MoreStarbucks Corporation, An American Company1910 Words   |  8 PagesAbstract The Starbucks Corporation, an American company founded in 1971 in Seattle, WA, has had a substantial impact on the way Americans socialize, relax and even meet to conduct business. Starbucks is a premier roaster, marketer and retailer of specialty coffee around the world. With an annual growth consistently topping 20%, it is obvious that the company is doing something right. Today, the Starbucks Corporation employs over 182,000 individuals in 19,767 company operated stores that are spreadRead MoreStarbuckss The Coffee Market1837 Words   |  8 PagesStarbucks entered the coffee market in 1971 opening their first retail store in Seattle’s Pike Place Market as a roaster of ground coffee, tea, whole beans, and spices. In 1982, Howard Schultz was appointed operation and marketing retail director. After visiting Italy in 1983, Schultz fascination with Italian coffee bars inspired him to bring a similar type of coffeehouses to the Seattle area. Schultz idea was to offer a plac e where customers can relax, enjoy coffee, and engage in conversationsRead MoreStarbucks Marketing Mix1198 Words   |  5 PagesStarbucks Marketing Mix ï ¿ ½ PAGE * MERGEFORMAT ï ¿ ½1ï ¿ ½ Starbucks Marketing Mix Successful organizations understand the importance of a strong marketing strategy to satisfy customers and sustain growth. Making the right decisions depends on several variables. The purpose of this paper is to describe the four elements of marketing mix and share how Starbucks has implemented an effective and powerful marketing strategy to become the world s largest coffeehouse chain. MARKETING MIX DEFINED A marketing

Gender And Sexuality Of The Heroine Bathsheba Everdene

Despite being an era defined by its conservatism and strong sense of repression, progressive and subversive notions of gender can indeed be found in Victorian works, including those written by male authors. Thomas Hardy, arguably the most controversial novelist of his time, depicted gender and sexuality in a completely foreign way to Victorian ideals, leading to much of the controversy around him. Though many scholars argue vehemently that he cannot be classified as a feminist writer, it is undeniable that he placed women in roles most authors would not dare to, and openly expressed sexuality in ways that completely ignored the societal rules of Victorian propriety. Through his depiction and support of androgynous character roles and the†¦show more content†¦The performance Bathsheba gives on the back of her horse, riding â€Å"in the manner demanded by the saddle, though hardly expected by the woman,† observed by Gabriel is a pivotal scene in the development of her strength derived from her androgynous nature (Hardy 15). While riding her horse, Bathsheba approaches bramble too low to ride up right underneath it. She checks to see if anyone is around before laying her back against the horse, head resting over the rear, and proceeds to ride underneath. This position shocks and impresses Gabriel, for he is seeing probably for the first time, a woman in a classically male position by straddling the horse and simultaneously in the position of a woman by laying back against it. Much in the way of her being a female farmer, in this moment Bathsheba is operating somewhere in the middle of the gender spectrum. However, it is not just Hardy’s heroine that portrays his unconventional ideas of gender, but his male protagonist Gabriel Oak, also demonstrate his promotion of androgynous identities. Boldwood and Troy, two of Bathsheba’s suitors inflict their gaze upon her in order to own her, a fact she is keenly aware of when she says â€Å"I hate to be thought of men’s property in that way,† in her open disagreement to marriage (26). The superficiality of Troy’s gaze, which is constantly rooted in Bathsheba being an object, is made grossly apparent, when he is looking upon the corpse of his lover Fanny Robin and turns to his then

Jane Eyre Persuasive Essay Free Essays

Junie Jeong Mrs. Mesdjian English 2 H 21 February 2013 Jane Eyre Persuasive Essay In the novel Jane Eyre, our protagonist Jane faces many difficult situations that can be solved by different solutions. In one specific situation, Jane is faced with a complicated problem that demands her to decide either to marry Mr. We will write a custom essay sample on Jane Eyre Persuasive Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Rochester and live comfortably while feeling personally restricted or to leave Rochester and start a sudden life on her own. Jane eventually decides to leave Mr. Rochester and runs away from Thornsfield, going through many trials and tribulations and eventually marries Rochester in the end. Although many people may feel that Jane’s runaway was inconvenient and unnecessary because the end result was similar, I believe that Jane’s journey away from Thornsfield was important and significant to her. Many people believe that Jane would have saved time and energy if she had married Rochester instead of running away on their wedding day. This can hold to be very reasonable because Jane’s runaway resulted in several bad omens such as the Thornsfield mansion burning, the struggles of her friends and relatives to try and find her, and the unhappiness of her acquaintances, such as Adele. In the book, Bronte even writes about Adele’s unhappiness while at school; â€Å"Her frantic joy at beholding me again moved me much. She looked pale and thin: she said she was not happy. (Bronte 173)† One can possibly argue that these events could have been avoided if Jane had not run away and married Mr. Rochester on the spot. It is true that Jane could have saved much time, energy, and heartbreak if she decided to go along with the marriage on her wedding day. But sometimes, wasting time, energy, and going through heartbreak is necessary in order for a certain outcome. When Jane left Thornsfield, she was in a fragile emotional state—confused, betrayed, and still not confident in herself and her status, both as a woman and economically. Her childhood had left her scarred, thinking she was a person who would and could not receive love from others, so she could not love others in return. You never felt jealousy, did you, Miss Eyre? Of course not: I need not ask you; because you never felt love. (Bronte 137)† Jane’s journey away from Thornsfield helped to slowly change that and build her confidence—the fact that she had people who loved her and had friends who enjoyed her company soon hit her with realization and helped her understand that she was a person who deserved love too. If Jane had married before she realized this, she would have felt uncomfortable and restricted living with Mr. Rochester, always thinking that she â€Å"owed† him for loving her, and that she was not deserving of his love. If this mindset were constantly to be in Jane’s mind, it would result in an unhappy atmosphere for Jane and eventually an unhappy Jane. Whereas, in the ending, Jane lives happily with Rochester knowing that they are equals. From the moment Jane was born, she believed that there were no other relatives besides her—and that she was alone ever since Mrs. Reed had raised her. Jane had always wished for a family, someone else to be there other than her. When Jane runs away from Thornsfield, she quickly resorts to begging, and the Rivers take Jane in and care for her. Later on in the story, she finds out that the Rivers are Jane’s relatives—something Jane has wanted ever since she was a child. When Jane is brought with news that she has other family, she decides to split her new fortune into equal parts with all her new relatives, something she also treasured, which proved how thankful she was for her new family. †¦. cannot at all imagine the craving I have for fraternal and sisterly love. I never had a home, I never had brothers or sisters; I must and will have them now†¦ (Bronte 413)†. When it comes to making right decisions, I believe Jane made the correct one when she left Thornsfield. There may have been many difficult times she had to suffer through, but the end results all paid off when she lived the happy ending she had always wished for. Other people may disagree and mention that the end result was the same, and that Jane put herself and others through too much because of her decision, that may be true, but in return everyone found happiness and got something even better in return. If she had never left, she may not have been able to find her cousins, a real gift she had been yearning for ever since she was young. I believe the decision Jane made in the story helped her reach the best personal level she could reach, and she gained happiness she would not have been able to gain through her pains. How to cite Jane Eyre Persuasive Essay, Essays

Bronze Age Essay Example For Students

Bronze Age Essay THE BRONZE AGE The Bronze Age began in 2800 and lasted till 1050BC. This was almost 2000 years ago. This time period started to replace the use of stone and iron with bronze. The development of trading began with the Aegean and Mediterranean regions. Crete was responsible for major development during the Bronze Age. Their society was based on structures of extravagant places. The Minoans for the next 500 years had had the power in the Aegean but by 1450BC they were over run by the Mycenaean’s which was an important place of the time. They ruled for 500 more years. THE TROJAN LEGENDS Homer is the first and greatest writer of all Greek literary form known as the Epic. People referred to his works for information and about this specific form. Homer’s name will always be linked with the Trojan War because Homer wrote about the conflict between the Trojans and the return vogues of the Greek leaders. He is known for telling us the whole story of the Trojan War but that’s not true. There are plenty of other writers of what’s called the epic cycle who also wrote about the Trojan War which is not noted in Homer’s writing. The epic cycle is a series of stories from ancient Greece. The epic cycle focuses on the Trojan War. Besides the illade and the odyssey, the Trojan War stories include * Kypria * Aithiopus * Little illiad * The sack of illion * The return of reigns Heros; and * Telegony All the stories combined, contribute to the story of the Trojan War. DISCOVERY OF TROY There have been many people that have had a part in the discovery of the city of Troy. Some include, Frank Calvert, Heinrich Schliemann, William Dorpfield, Carl Belgen and Manfred Korfman. Frank Calvert was a British archeologist. He started his work in the town of Hissarlik in Turkey. He was positive the city of Troy was located beneath the city. Seven yeas later after Frank Calvert’s arrival, the German archeologist, Heinrich Schliemann commenced his own excavation. He was a wealthy man and was able to organize his own digs. He first started at the city of Hissarlik. This was a long and stressful process. He hired 160 workers. They removed over 325,000 cubic yards of soil. For all this excavation there were some rewards. Heinrich found several cities on top of each other, but one of them had evidence of burning and destruction. He came to the conclusion that he did find the Troy of Homer’s stories. However, Heinrich also managed to destroy some city remains in the process. Heinrich also had his sets on the Treasure of Prim. This was a room which consisted of all sorts of jewellery. Some included earrings, bracelets, rings and much more. It was estimated that there was up to 8,700 pieces of treasure. It can be said that although Heinrich destroyed many findings, he also uncovered a large part of the city of Troy. William Dorpfield was next on the scene. He ended up discovering 2 more cities. He also found large houses, defensive walls and watch towers. Carl Belgan was able to dig in areas where it had been untouched by previous excavators. He ended up discovering that Troy VI was destroyed by earthquakes and that the houses were poorly built. He also learnt that the city was burnt after 30 years of inhabitance. Manfred Korfman was the most recent person to conduct his excavation of the area. This was in 1988. He too, managed to excavate areas that had been untouched. Heinrich started to excavate at Mycenae as well. This was according to him, the home of Agamemnon the leader of the Greeks. .u918385c8262fbd2e30a9a8ebbd95c569 , .u918385c8262fbd2e30a9a8ebbd95c569 .postImageUrl , .u918385c8262fbd2e30a9a8ebbd95c569 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u918385c8262fbd2e30a9a8ebbd95c569 , .u918385c8262fbd2e30a9a8ebbd95c569:hover , .u918385c8262fbd2e30a9a8ebbd95c569:visited , .u918385c8262fbd2e30a9a8ebbd95c569:active { border:0!important; } .u918385c8262fbd2e30a9a8ebbd95c569 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u918385c8262fbd2e30a9a8ebbd95c569 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u918385c8262fbd2e30a9a8ebbd95c569:active , .u918385c8262fbd2e30a9a8ebbd95c569:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u918385c8262fbd2e30a9a8ebbd95c569 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u918385c8262fbd2e30a9a8ebbd95c569 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u918385c8262fbd2e30a9a8ebbd95c569 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u918385c8262fbd2e30a9a8ebbd95c569 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u918385c8262fbd2e30a9a8ebbd95c569:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u918385c8262fbd2e30a9a8ebbd95c569 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u918385c8262fbd2e30a9a8ebbd95c569 .u918385c8262fbd2e30a9a8ebbd95c569-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u918385c8262fbd2e30a9a8ebbd95c569:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: David hume 2 EssayHomer had described this city as the ‘rich in gold’. He uncovered a circle of shaft graves. This was found with 15 skeletons covered in gold. Heinrich thought that there were kings and at the bottom was a gold mask on a skeleton which was thought to be Agamemnon’s. However evidence proved this was not the case. The Linear 13 tablets came about by accident. The inscriptions on them were preserved due to natural disasters. They have been dated to the Mycenaean period of 1600-1200BC. The inscription describes such things like economy – in particular wheat and barley. The tablets of Pylos however, mention things such as ‘men watching the coastline’, as well as reference to military equipment and chariots. Some tablets mentioned officials. These gave us clues regarding the Trojan War. According to Homer’s Iliad, the Trojan War began because of Helen’s abduction. The llliad mentions a heroic age and the need for the army to defend enemies. This was an age where the men fought and the women married to have more babies. After the destruction of Troy, the remaining women and children were sold into slavery and the men killed. However, if you were from a powerful family, there were political, military and economical advantages. The Hittites were a fierce civilization. Their time period was in the late Bronze Age, this means they existed in the same time period as the Mycenaean’s. Their scripture were also preserved on clay tablets, they were called cuneiform. HELEN OF TROY Helen of Troy maybe the most famous Greek woman in history. It was her abduction by the Trojan, Paris that began the war of Troy. Helen was a demi-god. A female hero worshiped at shrines in the regions of the Mediterranean. Helen is sometimes not considered human by some scholars. She is described as a mortal with a natural-goddess face. FUNCTION OF MYTH Like most other mythological traditions, Greek myths served several purposes. First, Greek myths explained the world. Second, they acted as a means of exploration. Third, they provided authority and legitimacy. Finally, they provided entertainment. Greek myths lent structure and order to the world and explained how the current state of things had come about. Myths helped worshipers make sense of a religious practice by telling how the practice originated. Myths were used through difficult territory, examining contradictions and ambiguities. For instance, Homer’s Iliad explores the consequences during the Trojan War of the Greek leader Agamemnon’s decision to deprive one of the warrior’s prizes of a female slave. This warrior feels that Agamemnon has assailed his honor but wonders how far he should go in getting back at him. One of t his poem’s themes explores the limits of this. TROJAN WAR – FACT OR FICTION Because of all the past discoveries, I believe it is now more likely than not that there were several armed conflicts in and around Troy at the end of the Late Bronze Age. We do not know whether all or some of these conflicts were collected in later memory into the Trojan War or whether there was an especially memorable, single Trojan War. Whatever the case, everything currently points that Homer should be taken seriously, that his story of a military conflict between Greeks and the people of Troy is based on a memory of historical events whatever these may have been. In conclusion, if someone came up to me and asked if the Trojan War DID happen, my response, after studying the material would be: why not?

Phonograph Invention and Evolution

Introduction Phonograph is not a new concept or tool. Different names have been used to refer to it in different places for instance record player, turntable or gramophone. The device was introduced towards the end of the 19th century, in 1877 by Edison Alva Thomas while he was carrying out his normal duties at his laboratory in New Jersey. The purpose of the phonograph was to record and reproduce sound recordings.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Phonograph Invention and Evolution specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The phonograph has undergone a lot of notable evolutions, the first invention being marked by some wavy lines that were either etched or grooved on a cylinder that rotated in order to produce the desired results (Pingree, 2004). This paper gives a general overview of the phonograph with much emphasis being given to its invention and evolution as well as how it has affected arts and its connection to huma nities. The time period the phonograph was invented and the circumstances that led to the invention. The Edison’s phonograph was invented in 1877. The device comprised of a drum in a cylindrical shape which was wrapped in a tinfoil and mounted on an axle threaded in an organized manner. It also had a mouthpiece through which sound would be recorded. The invention was a product of Edison’s other inventions, the telephone and telegraph. Although the phonograph is greatly attributed to Edison’s efforts, various people had come up with the idea earlier, for example Kruesi and Charles Cros. The circumstances that surrounded the invention of the phonograph include the desire of man to have documentation whereby they would have a reference of what happens for instance expression of the human voice/ speech and various artistic performances such as music that proved a bit hard to preserve in the human memory. The need for entertainment also contributed to its invention s ince things like radios and TV were not present at the time (Moore, 1908). How the phonograph has evolved over time and the effects of the evolution on later time periods Just like any other development, the phonograph was not invented in one day. It took some time, considerations and combination of different ideas. Its evolution has been deemed to have a lot of impact on various life aspects especially in art and humanities. The early invention involved use of tin foil cylinders. Wax cylinders were later developed to deal with problems associated with tin foils like wearing out quickly. Hard plastic cylinders were then developed in the early 20th century.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The invention and advancement of the phonograph and its operations has had a part to play on other inventions. This is because the later inventions like radio and TV have drawn ideas on the earli er phonograph and made some improvements to enhance efficiency and effectiveness (Millard, 2005). How phonograph affected the arts within the time period it was invented Phonograph has had a part to play in the different forms of art including music, theatre and drama among other arts. Phonograph has been deemed to have contributed positively to the field of art and humanities through bringing about diversity which in turn makes these fields interesting. The phonograph added importance to the art arena by providing a way through which the different works would be recorded and archived for use at a convenient time by any individual that could own the instrument. Music and drama would for example be recorded and reproduced later and this aspect contributed to the growth of the art industry where artists enhanced their talents and were able to create their presence among the public as opposed to earlier times where they would only be known at the time of performance since there was no form of retrievable storage (Du Moncel, 1974). How the advancement of phonograph is connected to the humanities According to Ramadhan (2011), the invention and advancement of the phonograph has not existed in isolation but rather amongst many other concepts where some form of dependence has been witnessed. It has, for example, played a great part when it comes to the field of humanities. The phonograph has made human life easier because they don’t have to rely solely on their memory for their works. People were also in a position to bring different aspects of the world into their homes, an aspect which led to the emergence of a global culture as a result of integration of different elements from different cultures provided by the recordings. Entertainment was also enhanced by the phonograph in a great manner. Conclusion Technology advancement is inevitable. It is a concept that has been there all along with the speed and sophistication increasing day by day. The phonograph is an instrument that is deemed to be a reference point when it comes to the field of art and humanities especially Music.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Phonograph Invention and Evolution specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Later developments have drawn ideas from it and made some improvements. There are various circumstances that surrounded the invention of phonograph as mentioned earlier and with the changes of times, there have been implementation of modifications in making of instruments to incorporate the changes. Reference List Du Moncel, T.A.L. (1974). The Telephone, the Microphone and the Phonograph. New York: Arno Press. Millard, A.J. (2005). America on Record: A History of Recorded Sound. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Moore, C.C. (1908). A Treatise on Facts: Or, the Weight and Value Of Evidence, Volume 1. New York: Thompson Company. Pingree, B.G. (2004). New Media, 1740-1915. New Jersey: MIT Press , 2004. Ramadhan, A. (2011). Facts about the Phonograph. Retrieved from https://ourpastimes.com/history-vinyl-records-5373550.html This essay on Phonograph Invention and Evolution was written and submitted by user Marcus Valentine to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Coal Mining in South Wales essays

Coal Mining in South Wales essays Coal in the Rhondda was, in its time was the best steam coal in the world. From its rise in the 1850s, till its fall in 1983, the Rhondda has been both a place of hope and a place of despair. But as well as this it has been a ray off hope for the working class, with the workers and there families of the this small south Wales vally standing up for there basic rights and pay, standing up for what they believe is right. Over the years the Rhondda valley has changed dramatically. It has changed from a small solitude hamlet nestled in the beauty of the surrounding valley, to a bruised fallen king of industry tossed onto the dieing heap of Britains long since over industrial revolution. There were many reasons for the coal industry to boom in the Rhondda valley, amount these are, the thousands of square acres of steam coal rivalled by non which, G.T. Clarke of Dowlais remarked as in the highest degree of purpose of manufacture, of commence and of war. This comment was made during a time when every thing was run by steam engines and so was very true. But although this was true at the time it was not true later on. As the development of the diesel engine came in and things were slowly modernised, the demand for steam coal dropped. Also the resent boom of Cardiff as a modern port, and the recent opening of the Taff Valley Railway linking Merthyr and Cardiff. Both of these put to together meant that south Wales coal was now more accessible then ever. There is another reason for the boom of the coal industry in the Rhondda Valley. To truly appreciate this reason we first have to look at who it is, that is saying it and why they are saying it. The reason I am talking about is that of the findings of Henry de la Beche and Doctor Lyon Playfair, who said after scientific test, said that South Wales coal unequivocally was the best fitted the needs of the navy. The ...

Lumbar puncture or Spinal anesthesia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Lumbar puncture or Spinal anesthesia - Essay Example General anesthesia is a state of controlled unconsciousness during which patient doesn't feel anything and may be described as 'anesthetized'. During general anesthesia, anesthetic medications are injected into a vein, or anesthetic gases may be breathed into the lungs. When these medications are carried to the brain by the blood, they effectively "numb" the brain, and produce unconsciousness. Regional anesthesia is the specialized use of local anesthetic to numb a part of the body. Regional anesthesia can be used for operations on larger or deeper parts of the body. Local anesthetic drugs are injected near to the bundles of nerves which carry signals from that area of the body to the brain. The most common regional anesthetics (also known as regional 'blocks') are spinal and epidural anesthetics. These can be used for operations on the lower body. Use of anesthesia has been recorded since prehistory,where Opium poppy capsules were used in Sumeria and succeeding empires. Simple apparatus for smoking of opium were used for adminstration of anesthesia. Contries like India and China initially used cannabis incense and aconitum. As per the Book of Later Han, the physician Hua Tuo performed abdominal surgery using an anesthetic substance called mafeisan, which literally means cannabis boil powder, dissolved in wine. Other variants like Solanum species containing potent tropane alkaloids , Coca and Alcohol were also used in these initial days. The use of above herbal anaesthesia had a crucial drawback compared to modern practice in context of standardisation, as described on Wikepedia by Fallopus that "when soporifics are weak they are useless, and when strong, they kill". This drawback was tried to overcome by, standardizing production as much as possible, with taking production occurring from specific famous locations (such as opium from the fields of Thebes in ancient Egypt). Anaesthetics were sometimes administered in the spongia somnifera, a sponge into which a large quantity of drug was allowed to dry, from which a saturated solution could be trickled into the nose of the patient. At least in more recent centuries, trade was often highly standardized, with the drying and packing of opium in standard chests. Later, use of gases and vapours was also notice during mid 1800. Henry Hill Hickman experimented with carbon dioxide in the 1820s. British chemist Humphry Davy in 1799 used nitrous oxide .Effective general anessthesia for surgery begin in 1846, when a dentist, William Thomas Green Morton, gave diethyl ether at Massachusetts General Hospital, in the first public demonstration of diethyl ether as an anesthetic agent. It was then, Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr. proposed naming the procedure ansthesia.Anesthesia gained good public repute when Queen Victoria accepted chloroform a la reine from Dr. John Snow during the birth of prince Leopold in 1857. Local anaesthesia originated with the

Deep Green Underwater Kite Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Deep Green Underwater Kite - Essay Example The use of renewable energies is one of the steps taken to reduce the negative impact on environment by reducing the potentials of pollution and its extent. There are other reasons for the rapid advancements in the technological world. The major reason for making these rapid advancements possible and available to the people is the increasing population and its demand. The overwhelming increase in the population leads to demands which are impossible to be met using the old technologies. New ways of production and manufacturing are being utilized to meet the demands of the growing population. Limited energy supply is one of the reasons we need latest technologies. Deep Green Underwater Kite is of the technologies which have recently been launched and are of great help to meet the energy demands of people without risking the environment and natural life. The innovation of Deep Green underwater Kite is associated with a Swedish company Minesto. This unique toy-like device leaps and dives in the ocean water. This toy-like device works with more power and generates as much as 800 times more energy in the water currents than it may generate in the sky. The reason for such power generation process lays in the fact that seawater 800 times denser than the air. The turbine that is attached to the kite, hence, achieves to generate more energy than it can in the air. Minesto names this device as Deep Green and claims that it is capable of generating approximately 500 kilowatts of power also in the smooth and calm sea. This new technology is supposed to boost up the business for tidal power by as much as eighty percent (Harrell 2010). The Deep green underwater Kite is a simply designed 7 ton kite turbine which catches and regenerates power taken from the ocean just like a kite works in the air. The kite-like turbine is aimed at generating approximately 18 terawatt hours of power every year. This amount of energy is ample to meet the energy demands of more or less four millio n UK houses. This technology is more appreciated for its effectively green process and provision of green electricity. The Swedish military and aircraft designing company Saab was originally aiming at producing a wind turbine but the concept changed with the idea of using seawater as it is more powerful and productive for the thought of generating energy. The kite twists to escalate the velocity in the ocean ten-fold. The most important and precious factor to consider here is the cost-effectiveness of the device. The amount of energy it generates compared to the amount spent on each Kilowatt unit it generates gives an idea of its low cost technique. It costs as low as $0.09 cents to $0.20 cents per KWh. Using this technology in today’s financially weak society may help the overly populated societies in gaining access to the demanded quantities of energy. This cost effective device is useful in order to meet the demands and satisfying the energy requirements keeping an environ mentally sound system of generating energy. These kites are, hence, cost effective in terms of design, structure and use. Once installed, they require lesser investment in maintenance of these devices (Kraemer 2009). The Deep Green Underwater Kite is an invention which is equally helpful for those who use it and for those who do not. The

Occupational health Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Occupational health - Essay Example The injured will also be assisted in getting full compensation claims. The principle used in quick and major accidents is determining the hazards that should be corrected. Investigation report The information in the investigation report documents the findings of the investigation is as outlined below: Employee’s name There should be a brief description of the employee injured in the accident. Information about the employer should be provided as well. Date of accident and time should also be included in the report. The information provided will assist in confirming whether the information provided by the victim is genuine or not. Job title and department: Information concerning job title and department will assist in claiming insurance. The insurance company has to verify that such a person worked for a certain company in a certain department. Supervisor or lead personnel: The supervisor and management in a company are responsible for the safety of the workers failure to which they can be sued on legal grounds of neglect. As such, they should be included in an investigation report. Witnesses: Since the investigators are not able to investigate the scene of the accident immediately after occurrence of the accidents, witnesses act as a primary source of information. Brief description of the accident or incident: The victim should be able to offer information about what occurred. However, more effort should be put in trying to gather more information especially from witnesses. Body part affected: The victim should state which body part was affected when the vehicle hit him/her. This will enable proper compensation to be issued to the victim. Reason for seeking root cause The employer should be experienced enough to realize when accidents are caused by unsafe conditions. As such, attempts to find the human errors that were the causes of the accident should commence according to Filtzer, (2002). First of all, it is necessarily to examine a link of events or un derlying factors that may have led to the accident. Some of the questions asked by the employer include distraction, was the employee distracted so as to be hit by the vehicle?, Safe work procedure should always be followed, if not, there should be a reason why, Were safety devices in the vehicle in order during the time of the accident and whether the worker was trained? The employer should also contact the insurance firm after identifying the causes, report the findings and develop the appropriate corrective action according to Granger, (2010). The insurance should also evaluate the effectiveness of the plan and also implement it. Four possible root Causes of Accidents Accidents can be caused by task of personal factors. While some causes may be immediate, others are underlying such as in the case when management systems fail. Distraction Distraction falls under task factors. The behavior of the employee is best known to the employer according to Henry, (1837). The distraction of an employee is visible to the employer. As such, the employee should be the judge whether the distraction of an employee would have been the cause of the accident. The employer should also know the effects of the distraction experienced around the work area. There are some employees that have devastating effects when they are distracted and usually cause major accidents. Other task related factors include

Literature Review: Motives for Travelling

Literature Review: Motives for Travelling 2.1 Introduction This chapter consists of three parts. First is introduction, next is literature reviews that review the critical points of previous researches including substantive finding as well as theoretical and methodological contributions to this similar topic. Lastly, a conclusion to this chapter. 2.2 Literature Review Research in the area of travel motives is important in understanding and predicting the factors that influence travel decision-making (Cha, S., McCleary, K.W. and Uysal, M., 1995). Motivation is theoretically viewed as ‘a state of need, a condition that serves as a driving force to display different kinds of behavior toward certain types of activities, developing preferences, arriving at some expected satisfactory outcome. (Backman, K.F. Backman, S.J., Uysal, M. and Sunshine, K.M.,1995) In particular, an understanding of motivation assist marketers efforts to achieve and satisfy individuals diverse desires and needs, key elements that influence the process of travelers decision-making (Crompton,J.L. and McKay S.L.,1997). Studies of motivation thus provide to predict travelers personal needs, expectations, achievements, or benefits sought (Formica,S. and Uysal, M.,1998). A brief review of travel motivation research (Table 1) published in three major tourism journals – Annals of Tourism Research, Tourism Management, and Journal of Travel Research – revealed that existing studies have covered a wide range of the spectrum, there are included the sociology of travel motivation as a stimulator of actual behavior (Dann 1977; Mansfeld 1992); travel motivation of different niche markets (Clift and Forrest 1999; Dunn Ross and Iso-Ahola 1991; Hsu, Cai, and Wong 2007; Maoz 2007; Qu and Ping 1999; Rittichainuwat 2008); the development or empirical test of travel motivation measurements (Crompton 1979; Dann 1981; Fodness 1994; Ryan and Glendon 1998); differences in motivation among tourists with varied nationality and cultural backgrounds (Kim and Prideaux 2005; Maoz 2007), number of visits (Lau and McKercher 2004), destinations and origins (Kozak 2002), sociodemographic characteristic (Jang and Wu 2006; Fleischer and Pizam 2002), or environmental a ttitude (Luo and Deng 2008). Authors Study Dann 1977 A sociological study of travel motivation, with a focus on the push dimension of motivation. Crompton 1979 The motivation for pleasure vacation. Seven motivation factors were identified through interviews. Dann 1981 Based on a literature review on travel motivation, seven approaches of motivation study were identified. The utilization of different terminologies was also discussed Dunn Ross and Iso-Ahola 1991 Motivation of sightseeing tourists in relation to their satisfaction Mansfeld 1992 The role of motivation in travel behavior and its complex nature Paul 1992 Travel motivation of Canadian ecotourists Parrinello 1993 Relationship between anticipation and motivation in postindustrial societies in the context of Western Europe Fodness 1994 A measurement scale was developed for leisure travel with 20 items. Lieux, weaver; and McCleary 1994 Benefit segmentation of senior tourists from the United States Gnoth 1997 Development of theoretical model on motivation and expectation formation Formica and Uysal 1998 Benefit segmentation of visitors to a cultural-historical event in Italy Ryan and Glendon 1998 The Leisure Motivation Scale was applied to tourism with British holidaymakers. An abbreviated version of holiday motivation scale with 14 items was developed. Waller and Lea 1998 Relationship between authenticity seeking and enjoyment. The knowledge dimension of motivation was found to mediate this relationship. Clift and Forrest 1999 The motivation of gay men in relation to the type of destinations they preferred in the context of the United Kingdom Qu and Ping 1999 Motivation of cruise selection in the context of Hong Kong Goossens 2000 The role of emotional component of travel motivation in stimulating actual travel behavior Fleischer and Pizam 2002 Relationship between motivation and Israeli senior travelers income and health Kozak 2002 Differences of motivation among tourists visiting different destinations and tourist from different countries visiting same destination with respondents from the United Kingdom and Germany Sirakaya, Uysal, and Yoshioka 2003 Benefits segmentation of Japanese tourists to Turkey Lau and McKercher Differences of travel motivation between first-time and repeat visitors to Hong Kong Kim and Prideaux 2005 A cross-cultural analysis on travel motivation to South Korea among five national tourist groups Pearce and Lee 2005 Further development of the Travel Career Ladder by introducing Travel Career Pattern (TCP). The relationship between previous experience and motivation was explored by TCP. Yoon and Uysal 2005 Causal relationship between push-pull motivations, satisfaction, and destination loyalty. Pull factors were found to negatively influence satisfaction. Jang and Wu 2006 Influences of sociodemographic factors, economic status, health status, and positive and negative effects on travel motivation among Taiwanese seniors Chang, wall, and Chu 2006 Benefits segmentation using the novelty seeking scale in the context of Taiwanese tourists to aboriginal attractions Nicolau and Mas 2006 Influences of travel distance and price on destination selection, with travel motivation as a moderator in the context of Spain Poria, Reichel, and Biran 2006 Relationship between perception of heritage as it is related to the tourists own heritage and motivation explored before the trip Snerpenger et al. 2006 Tourists and recreationist were comparing using Iso-Aholas motivation theory. The relationship between motivation and previous vacations was investigated. Swanson and Horridge 2006 Causal relationship between souvenir shopping and four motivational factors in the context of Southwestern United States Beh and Bruyere 2007 Benefits segmentation in the context of Kenya Hsu, Cai, and Wong 2007 A theoretical model of senior travel motivation in the context of China Maoz 2007 Travel motivation of Israeli backpackers, investigated in relation to national and cultural characteristics Luo and Deng 2008 Relationship between environmental attitude and nature-based tourism motivation Rittichainuwat 2008 Travel motivation to a tourism destination, using the disaster-hit beach resort in Phuket as an example. Comparison was made between domestic and inbound tourists, and between tourists of different ages and genders. Park and Yoon 2009 Benefit segmentation of rural tourism in the context of South Korea Table1. Brief Summary of Studies on Travel Motivation (Adopted from Cathy H.C. Hsu, Liping A. Cai and Mimi Li, 2009) Many researchers from different fields such as from sociology, anthropology, and psychology have investigated travel motivation since many years ago (Cohen, 1972; Dann, 1977; Crompton, 1979; Gnoth, 1997). Maslows hierarchical theory of motivation was one of the most applied in tourism literature (1970) and it was model as a pyramid whose base consists of the physiological needs, followed by higher levels of psychological needs and the need for self-actualization. Numerous tourism scholars have attempted to modify the model empirically, with the notable success by Pearce (1982), who projected a tourism motivation model that mirrors the model of Maslow, but free of prepotency assumption. Fulfilling Prestige Push Seeking Relaxation Factors Sightseeing Variety Gaining Knowledge Events and Activities Pull Adventure Factors History and Culture Easy Access and Affordable A review of past researches on tourist motivation indicates that the analysis of motivations based on the two dimensions of push and pull factors have been generally accepted (Yuan McDonald, 1990; Uysal Hagan, 1993). The concept behind push and pull dimension is that people travel because they are pushed by their own inner forces and pulled by the outer forces of destination attributes. Most of the push factors that are origin-related are intangible or intrinsic desires of the individual travelers. Pull factors, vice versa, are those that emerge because of the attractiveness of that particular destination, as the travelers perceive it. They include tangible resources and travelers perception and expectation such as benefit expectation, novelty and marketed image of the destination. A research model is then developing based on this theory at below diagram (adapted from Baloglu Uysal, 1996). Travel Motivation Crompton (1979) first sought to draw seven socio-psychological, or push motives such as escape, self-exploratory, relaxation, prestige, regression, kinship-enhancement, and social interaction) and two cultural, or pull motives that are novelty and education. The conceptual framework that he developed would giving impact the selection of a destination, and this approach implies that the destination can have some degree of influence on vacation behavior in meeting an aroused need. As Cromptons initial empirical effort, many studies have attempted to recognize push and pull motivational factors in different settings such as nationalities, destinations and events (Jang and Wu, 2006). Example incorporated Yuan and McDonalds (1990) study on motivations for overseas travel from four countries: Japan, France, West Germany and UK. While Uysal and Jurowski (1993) studied, the nature and extent of the reciprocal relationship between push and pull factors of motivations for pleasure travel with using data from the Canadian Tourism Attribute and Motivation Survey. Another study in Australia examined the nature and usefulness of the relationship between these two factors of motivation by utilizing canonical correlation analysis (Oh, H., M., Uysal, P. Weaver, 1995). Baloglu and Uysal (1996) claimed that the concept of product bundles is used to refer to the perceived significance of the interaction between push and pull items of motivation. This implies that certain reasons for travel may correspond to certain benefits that are to be valued and obtained at the destination spot. Based on the intrinsic and extrinsic motivations, as discussed above, the individual tourist builds their perceptions, and the perceptions can be differ from the true attributes of the product depending on how the individual receives and process information (Gartner, 1993; Dann, 1996; Baloglu and Brinberg, 1997). A general conclusion can be drawn that the personal motives or called push motives and the view of the characteristics of the tourism destination (pull motives) determine perceptions. These motives interact in dynamic and evolving context (Correia, 2000), and the tourist motivation is seen as a multidimensional concept that indicates tourist decision (McCabe, 200 0). As tourism paradigm is related to human beings and human nature, it is always a complex proposition to study why people travel and what they want to enjoy (Yoon and Uysal, 2005). In most studies, it is generally accepted that push and pull motivations have been primarily utilized in studies of tourist behavior. The discoveries and issues undoubtedly play a use role in attempting to understand a wide different of needs and wants that can drive and influence tourist behavior. Nevertheless, Yoon and Uysal (2005) said that the results and effects of the motivation studies of tourist behavior need more than an understanding of their needs and wants. In tourism destination management, it was generally agree that maximizing travel satisfaction is crucial for a successful business. The evaluation of the physical products of destination as well as the psychological interpretation of a destination product are important for human actions (Swan and Comb, 1976; Uysal and Noe, 2003), which could be further represented as a travel satisfaction and destination faithfulness. Both concepts can be examined within the context of a tourism system representing two major components of the market place, namely, demand (tourist) and supply (tourism attractions) which demand refers to motives (push factors) that sustain tourists desire while supple relates to destinations characteristics (pull factors) (Jurowski et al., 1996). Push and pull factors have generally been characterized to two separate decisions made at two separate period in time – one focusing on whether to go, the other on where to go. For instance, Dann (1981) noted that ‘once the trip has been decided upon, where to go, what to see or what to do (relating to the specific destinations) can be tackled and this make a conclude that, analytically, both logically and temporally, push factors precede pull factor. Although these two factors has been viewed as relating to two distinct decisions, several researchers have distinguished that they should not be viewed as operating entirely independent of each others. For example, it has suggested that people travel because they are pushed by their own intrinsic forces and simultaneously pulled by the extrinsic forces such as the destination and its attributes (Cha, McCleary, and Uysal 1995; Uysal and Jurowskil, 1994). However, Crompton (1979) argued, push factors ‘may be useful not only in explaining the initial arousal, energizing, or ‘push; to take a vacation, but may also have directive potential to direct the tourist toward a particular destination (p.412). Several empirical examinations of push and pull factors had been reported in the travel and tourism literature. Of the prior research that examined the students and/or spring break travel market (Butts, F.B., J. Salazar, K. Sapio, and D. Thomas, 1996; Field, 1999; Hobson and Josiam, 1992,1996; Hsu and Sung, 1996,1997; Sirakaya and McLellan, 1997), there have been no investigations of push forces and only a handful of attempts to study the pull factors influencing students destination choice decision. In another study, conducted by Hobson and Josiam (1992), students were asked to list their primary reason for choosing a spring break destination and most responses referred to the influence of friends and/or family living near or going to the destination, other reasons referred to destination-related attributes such as the destination having s spring break party reputation, warm weather, affordable pricing, quiet environment, good skiing, or good beaches. Another study, conducted by Butts et al. (1996), found that the reasons that most attractive students referred to s sunny climate, nature, a wide choice of accommodations, price of accommodations, the destinations nightlife reputation, and recommendations from others. In Sirakaya and McLellan (1997) study, they asked students to rate the importance of 56 attributes involved in selecting a spring break destination. Factor analysis was then used to reduce the 56 attributes to a set of 9 factors that labeled ‘local hospitality and services, ‘trip cost and convenience, ‘perceptions of a safe/secure environment, ‘change in daily life environment, ‘recreation and sporting activities, ‘entertainment and drinking opportunities, ‘personal and historical link, ‘cultural an shopping services, and ‘unusual and distant vacation spot. The most rated factor is local hospitality and services. However, this factor was made up of seven rather diverse attributes: climate, availability of beaches, good accommodations, large hotels, feeling welcomed, friendly residents, and good food. While these attributes may all be highly vital to visitors (thus explaining why they would load together on the same factor), one would expect that the basis of their importance would diverse considerably. It means each attribute may derive its importance or meaning from very different sources and the importance of a particular attribute may well be a function of multiple motivational forces. For example, beaches may be important to respondents because they manage to pay for opportunities for water-based recreation, getting a tan, and socializing with other tourists. Simple said, people may have multiple and possibly very diverse reasons for valuing the same attribute or pull factor. Psychographics have been recognized as being very meaningful and relevant (Shih, 1986) and very vital means to provide extra information beyond the demographic characteristics (Abbey, 1997). Abbey claimed that psychographic variables produce significant differences between groups of consumers, and these differences are larger than the differences produced by the demographic profiles, thus, psychographics are more useful (Mayo, 1975) than demographics in describing consumers because they better differentiate between them (Ryel Grasse, 1991). Various researchers have utilized psychographic data in their studies such as Shih (1986) used values, attitudes, and lifestyles (VALS) to assess whether personal values affect the selection of Pennsylvania as a holiday destination. Pizam and Calantone (1987) used abundant value scales and reported that travel behavior was determined by a persons general and vacation-specific lifestyle. Menzes and Chandra (1989) used the personality trait descriptors to profile the U.S. tourists visiting far-away destinations in the Far East and compared them with other overseas destination segments. Kassarjian (1971) used the personality concept to clarify consumer product and media choice, risk taken, and persuasibility. Rokeach (1979) give a definition to values as ‘beliefs about desirable goals and modes of conduct'(p.41). Values are criteria that people use to direct their behavior, evaluate, and judge themselves and others, come to a decision what is worth believing in and doing and it also determine social behavior (Rokeach, 1979). Rokeach (1973) argued that the differences in peoples cultural values determine differences in their behavior because values determine cultural differences in thinking, activities, attitudes, motivations, and human needs. It said that values control behavioral variables that interact with and influence each other. For example, values of visitors provide an indication of the visitors personality (Pitts Woodside, 1986), values represent a alternate for personality traits (Dhalla Mahatto, 1976; Howard, 1977). Values manipulate peoples motivations (Bailey, 1991). Values are mainly useful in the assessment of the customers motivation (Dichter, 1984; Munson, 1984). They are a means to better understand consumer motivations (Henry, 1976; Kahle, 91984; Leesig, 1976; Vinson, Scott, Lamont, 1977) because it allow marketers to better understand the individuals motives in making travel decisions (Pitts Woodside, 1986). Pitts and Woodside (1986) claimed that travel motivation is directly influence by peoples values. For example, the motivation to travel to New Zealand to experience challenge and adventure or to spend a quiet vacation close to origin places is determine by travelers values. Values also symbolize the preferences for actions (Kluckhohn Strodtbeck, 1951). Value profiles allow for differentiating between those who participate in particular travel-related activity behavior (Pitts Woodside, 1986). It also appears to determine peoples lifestyle (Dhalla Mahatto, 1976; Howard, 1977). Mitchell (1983) used a VALS (value-lifestyle) typology to separate Americans into nine different lifestyle types, which were further group in four categories based on their values, each of these groups with different travel habits. The importance of the personality characteristics of the individual, in combination with other psychographic factors was stressed (Plog, 1974). Plog (1991) reported that personality determines destination travel patterns and also travelers motivation as well as activities. Allocentric travelers tend to travel to unfamiliar and unique destination such as China and Africa; they are active, independent, motivated by novelty, discovery, and meeting with new people, and focus on varied activities. Psychocentric travelers tend to visit familiar and well-established locations such as Hawaii; they are less active, prefer to travel in groups, and participate in common activities (Plog, 1972). Leisure-oriented traveler were more intrinsically motivated (e.g., by doing things for their own sake, obtaining purely internal rewards only) than those who were extrinsically motivated (e.g., by money or social approval) (Ingham, 1986). Intrinsically motivated individual also could cope better with stressful life events and activities (Maddi Kobasa, 1981). Personality found to be a major determinant of preferences for activities as well. In a study of high school student activity participation, Howard (1976) acknowledged a high correlation between personality measures and preferences for leisure activities. Eysenck (1976, 1981) found that extroverts and introverts engaged in different activities. Extroverts is those who needed to have people around them, easygoing, liked socializing and preferred highly social activities such as parties while introverts who tended to be shy and cautions preferred a well-ordered lifestyle, avoided social activities and excitement. Besides, it was noted that individuals who sought sensation spent more time engaged in highly stimulating and risky activities than those who did not seek sensation (Zuckerman, 1979). Plog (1991) reported that the energy (high energy) and lethargy (low energy) level determines various activities levels between tourists Iso-Ahola (1980) argued that the relationship between motivation and activities was affected by different social environment as well as social influences. For example, low correlations between motivation and the degree and extent of activity were found. This might be due to a number of problems such as the lack of specifications of the distinct activities in surveys, the respondents lack of time or finance to participate in activities, lack of the facilities available (Ruskin Shamir, 1984), information about activities, perceived incompetence, or sociocultural constraints (Iso-Ahola Mannell, 1985). An individuals lifestyle is made up of a pattern of daily routine activities (Roberts, 1978). Some lifestyles are characterized by a numerous of activities; others are specialized and limited to a few favored activities. Person lifestyles were represented by the most popular activities (Glyptis, 1981). A number of contrasting lifestyles based on peoples activities patterns had been notable (Glyptis, 1981). Differences in lifestyle were found between foreign and domestic travelers (Woodside Pitts, 1976), visitors and non-visitors to national parks (Mayo, 1975), tourists to Massachusetts (Schewe Calantone, 1978) and in history-oriented and non-history-oriented travelers (Solomon George, 1977). Every segment had different travel motivations and preferences for vacation activities. Distinct vacation styles were identifying for various groups of vacationers such as Goodrich (1978) identified different vacation lifestyles for four groups of holidaymakers. For example, passive entertainment, active sports, outdoor types, and historical and cultural interests – each of it with different interests and preferences for vacation activities. Crask (1981) identified differences in five vacation segments such as rest and relaxation vacationers, sightseers, cost conscious/ attraction-oriented, sports enthusiasts, and campers which all with distinct vacation interests, motivation, and preferences for activities. Shih (1986) who reported different lifestyles for three major segments such as belongers, achievers, and societal conscious – each with different interests and criteria when selecting vacation destination. Another study is Zins (1999) which identified nine different vacation styles for distinct psychographic profiles of travelers (sightseeing tourist, family escapist, carefree wellness tourist, comfort seeker, demanding pleasure traveler, cultural interactionist, ambience seeker, relax-in-safety tourist, and nature-loving vacationer) with each of them obtained different preferences for vacation activities. Gonzalez and Bell (2002) explained that lifestyle permitted greater knowledge of variables in influencing travel behavior. The study conducted in Spain manage to identify five tourist lifestyle – ‘Home Loving, ‘Idealistic, ‘Autonomous, ‘Hedonistic, and ‘Conservative. ‘Home Loving generally focused on family life, they preferred to have a vacation accompanied by their families, and domestic destinations are the most frequent for a vacation destination. ‘Idealistic is the group who enjoy music, sport, theatre or outdoor activities and they does not spend much money on accommodation and is fond of country villages. Meanwhile, for ‘Autonomous, they view success as fundamentally linked with individual freedom and independence and places great emphasis on enjoying life and are not attracted to cultural activities. They spend their holiday time using low-priced accommodation and favor city destinations. The ‘Hedonistic segment consists of individual that attracted to pleasure and tends to travel in the company of friends and they are those people attracted to newly arrived products or services on the market. Lastly, ‘Conservative is a home-loving segment, they focuses on the wellbeing of their family. They are attracted to traditional domestic seaside destinations. Hawes (1988) conducted a study of travel-related lifestyle that was base on an age-specific (demography) study. It was focusing on older women. Factor analysis result, showed three major underlying dimension within this group travel, which were labeled as ‘traveler, ‘laid back and ‘dreamer. The traveler focus on vacation travel orientation and is generally associated with singleness or small household size, activeness, acceptance or liking of excitement and uncertainty, higher income and education. The ‘laid back indicates an acceptance of vacation travel but essentially of the domestic, unexciting, unhurried, quite and relaxing, more concerned with indebtedness and less affluent. The ‘dreamer reflects an orientation in vicarious thrills and wishing or dreaming substitute for the real thing and television was found to be their main resource of information for travel decision. Nicolau and Mas (2004) find that personal characteristics such as personal restrictions and socio-demographic and psychographic characteristics relate to the holiday decisions of going on holiday, chosen destination, foreign holidays and multi-destination holidays. A number of studies investigate constraints on travel behavior that arguably differ from general leisure behavior in many ways, such as cost, commitment and durations. It was said that constraints and facilitators operate differently in influencing travel intention and choice. Age is an extremely important travel constraint and Romsa and Blenman (1989) study the vacation patterns of elderly Germans, and Teaff and Turpin (1996) study the older Americans travel behavior. They both agreed that the taking of vacations declines with age. Socio-economic, physical, psychological, and physiological (age related) constraints play an important position in the underlying processes related to the behavior of elderly vacationer (Romsa et al., 1989). The choices of vacation destination and holiday activities are constrained by the physical situation of seniors. Intergenerational effects also probable operate to impact on the travel of these older persons. Nevertheless, Teaff and Turpin (1996) find that older Americans travel more frequently and longer distances, stay away longer, and rely more on travel agents than other segments of the people. Some evidence, though, shows that travelers take longer vacations after age of retirement. Retirees are significantly more likely to be constrained by disability, perception of age, physical energy, and health conditions. The family cycle is also a important constraint to travel choice behavior. In a study of the family life cycle (FLC) of German travelers, Opperman (1995) argued that FLC affects travel patterns considerably. There are many aspects of the tourists travel pattern relate to the stages of their family life cycle. Destination choice, transportation and usage of accommodation relate to differences in economic status and in discretionary income available for travelling. Lifetime experience, choices of accommodation and destination differ according to age stage. Travel purpose and especially the travel season were influenced by the family life cycle. Children have been traveled as an influence on family travel decision such as in Nickerson and Jurowski (2001) study the influences of children on vacation travel patterns that provide a perspective about planning and development with a view to increasing child satisfaction at the destination. Gilber and Hudson (2000) see life cycle as a useful conceptual and analytical framework to investigate the experience of leisure constraints. Many life cycle issues contribute to personal ecology research and researchers concluded that different people do not experience constraints in the similar way. McGehee, N., Loker-Murphy,L. and Uysal, M. (1996) investigate the Australian international pleasure market with used gender and other demographic factors such as marital status, age, education, occupation and income to analyze travel motivation and travel patterns, finding that Australia women and men are motivated differently in their pleasure travel experience. Meric and Hunt (1998) find eco-tourists tend to be middle-aged and have higher education and income levels to reveals the general and specific activity preferences of them. It is likely that selected demographics can act as a determinant of travel preferences, possibly influencing preferred activities and their demographics can act as a constraint on travel intention and behavior. Mayo and Jarvis (1981) claimed out that, ‘a common denominator that probably underlies all forms of leisure travel is the need for variety. Well-adjusted individuals need a balance of consistency and complexity in their lives by seeking consistency in certain domains of experience and complexity in others, consistency theory explains that ‘people, expecting a particular thing to happen, do not want to be confronted by something unexpected'(Mayo and Jarvis, 1981). On the other hand, complexity theory states that ‘novelty, unexpectedness, change, and unpredictability are pursued because they are inherently satisfying (Mayo and Jarvis, 1981). They also stated that travel allows people to escape from the boredom of ‘consistency and tension allows us to experience ‘complexity of novelty, change, and unpredictability. Correspondingly, Iso-Ahola (1980) noted that people search for different levels of stimulation; they avoid either over stimulation (mental and physical fatigue) or boredom (too little stimulation. He claimed that leisure needs change during the life span and across place and social company and that, individuals do not have numerous leisure needs in mind and do not rationalize specific cause of participation if their involvement is intrinsically motivated. Besides, it is important of participants feelings of self-determination and competence to ensure satisfaction (Iso-Ahola, 1980). Two types of motivations are: 1) physiological motivations stemming from biological needs, such as food, waste elimination and water, and 2) psychological, motivations

Brutus and Mark Antony in the play Julius Caesar :: William Shakespeare

The Empire of Deceit In the play Julius Caesar, written by the playwright William Shakespeare, the characters Brutus and Mark Antony each recite a speech in the market place after Caesar’s death. These speeches, exemplifying parallelism, verbal irony, and witty use rhetoric, expose the true intentions of these characters. From these speeches, the reader can understand the true intentions of these characters and thus conclude for themselves whether or not the slaying of Caesar was one of justice or one of greed. Corruption is always apparent in every society. No matter what time, age, or government, every man or women always has a second intention. In murdering Caesar, Brutus hoped that he could gain power. His intentions also presented a scenario in which the plebeians were pleased with his course of action. Why? With the logic that states that all Roman people were or would become the slaves of Caesar due to his immense power. Thus, in Brutus’s mind, he is the liberator of the Roman people. Trying to woo the simple plebeians in the marketplace, he asks them to invest trust in him. Brutus makes clever rhetoric such as his emphasis and emotion on powerful words to convey his message. But what the reader must understand is that this man is nothing more than a corrupt politician. Brutus uses language in his favor, stating he killed Caesar not out of hate, but in fact because of his love of the Roman people. If one truly understands the key principles of all language and philosophy, the n one must be able to tell that Brutus is doing nothing more than using a â€Å"double-talk† kind of approach towards the common man. Reality can be controlled. The reason behind this statement is simple- reality is controlled by keepers of the records. What this statement means is that any situation can be manipulated in order to favor one side or another. In the speech by Antony, the tide of reality pulls sharply out, exposing a beach of discontent and deceit. Antony starts his speech by saying that he is not there to praise the late emperor, but in fact accept the fact that Brutus is a praiseworthy man. However, Antony’s speech begins to pull the tide of Brutus’s reality once Antony mentions that Caesar was his friend. It is this simple notion that changes Rome’s future forever. Antony goes on to state that Caesar had triumphed over many enemies, thus bringing power to the Romans and bringing much fortune.